RESUMEN
Objective: Craniofacial growth and development are more than a scientific curiosity; it is of tremendous interest to clinicians. Insights into the genetic etiology of cleft lip and palate development are essential for improving diagnosis and treatment planning. The purpose of this systematic review was to utilize a zebrafish model to highlight the role of the IRF6 gene in cleft lip and palate development in humans. Data: This review adhered to the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA statement. Nine studies were included in the analysis. Sources: This study used major scientific databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Zebrafish Information Network and yielded 1275 articles. Two reviewers performed the screening using COVIDENCE™ independently, and a third reviewer resolved any conflicts. Study selection: After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and screening, nine studies were included in the analysis. The Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation's (SYRCLE's) risk-of-bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: The main outcome supports the role of the IRF6 gene in zebrafish periderm development and embryogenesis, and IRF6 variations result in cleft lip and palate development. The overall SYRCLE risk of bias was low-medium. Conclusion: In conclusion, this review indicated the critical role of the IRF6 gene and its downstream genes (GRHL3, KLF17, and ESRP1/2) in the development of cleft lip and palate in zebrafish models. Genetic mutation zebrafish models provide a high level of insights into zebrafish craniofacial development. Clinical relevance: this review provides a productive avenue for understanding the powerful and conserved zebrafish model for investigating the pathogenesis of human cleft lip and palate.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to measure the thickness of the palatal mucosa in a Jordanian (Middle Eastern) population as well as identify possible factors that may influence the thickness of palatal mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty period on tally healthy subjects (29 males and 31 females) were selected. Fifteen measurement points were defined on the palate. The mucosal thickness in the hard palate was determined by "bone sounding" with a Hu-Friedy® round periodontal probe. RESULTS: The overall mean thickness of the palatal masticatory mucosa was 3.23 ± 0.47 mm.The mean thickness increased from the gingival margin to a more apical position irrespective of the tooth measured or side of the mouth in the following sequence: canine, second molar, first premolar, second premolar and lastly, the first molar. No significant difference between gender, smoking status, gingival phenotype andsides of the mouth with the thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa was determined. A significant difference between palatal shape and palatal gingival thickness was found. CONCLUSIONS: The most appropriate site for graft harvesting is the canine-premolar area 8-13 mm from the mid-palatal aspect of each respective tooth in a Jordanian population. Except for the palatal shape, the side of the mouth, smoking, gender or gingival phenotype does not affect the graft harvest. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE FOR STUDY: Knowledge on the thickness of the masticatory mucosa is crucialin making decisions for surgical treatment modality and may affect surgical outcome. We measured the thickness of the palatal mucosa in a Jordanian population and identified possible influencing factors. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The thickness varied according to the teeth and the canine to premolar region was found to be the appropriate donor site. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This information on safe zone for graft harvest can guide the periodontist to make appropriate incisions and choose the appropriate location to obtain a graft of adequate thickness and dimensions.
